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VIACHESLAV (SLAVA) Adamchuk is one of several U.S. land-grant researchers currently investigating innovative ways to use sensor technology for precision agriculture. As a University of Nebraska assistant professor and precision agricultural engineer, Adamchuk's primary research interest is to design and analyze automated systems for mapping soil properties on the go. Originally from Kyiv, Ukraine, Adamchuk obtained his Ph.D. degree in agricultural and biological engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in August 2000.
What are the best sensors available today to determine crop health?
The crops that are growing — the corn or soybean plants themselves — are the best sensors that are available. The crop sends signals when it's stressed that can help us think about changing management, either for next season or during the season. Variable-rate herbicide and sidedress nitrogen (N) applications are some of the promising new technologies that can use information about the crop to increase yields and/or to decrease inputs.
How does this technology work?
The relationships between biomass, chlorophyll content and N stress can be used to access crop health. For example, optical reflectance equipment can give us informative data related to a plant's chlorophyll content and eventually to the presence of a crop stress. If we properly analyze visual/near-infrared crop reflectance, we can see whether management adjustments need to be made. Several different sensors can tell us when the crop is perhaps suffering from N stress, and calculate how much more N to apply, or when the crop's performance is so bad that to add fertilizer would be useless. In addition, under certain conditions, we can change herbicide rates depending on weed pressure.
The mathematical equations that are used to vary the fertilizer rates are usually hybrid-specific as well as specific to certain growing conditions. However, another technique on which to base a benchmark for variable-rate applications is to have a reference strip that is completely healthy (with a sufficient nutrient supply) that can be used to see if more fertilizer can make a positive impact on other parts of the field.
What are the pros and cons of the different sensor technologies?
Crop Circle and GreenSeeker are examples of portable sensors that are very similar in concept but different in electronics. They basically measure crop reflectance. Both are active systems that can work in most weather conditions, since they provide a consistent source of illumination. In comparison, the N Sensor is an example of a passive sensor. It has to account for variability in sunlight. Also, for every sensor there is a need to conduct calibration with respect to the actual crop response and to wire the sensors to controllers to allow for variable application rates.
Which sensors show the most promise for a payback in profit?
All the sensors show promise for payback. Certain conditions can squeeze a potential benefit from all these systems. However, it may take a few years before we have solid recommendations on their use and calibration. To date, their potential for profitability is limited by the cost of the equipment, uncertainties in the mathematical equations used to control the machinery and the fluctuating prices of fertilizer and the harvested crops.
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